فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 55 (پاییز 1400)

Since the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the disputed region of the Middle East, has highlighted deterrence to ensure its security. The present qualitative study aims to see whether Iran's current strategy is consistent with the components of the “new deterrence” by considering identity-, authority-, and interest-based approaches in national, regional and international levels. In this regard, the main hypothesis raised is Iran's security-defense strategy is inspired solely by the military component of deterrence, not all of the new components of deterrence. In other words, the synergy of all dimensions including the military, political, and economic dimensions of Post-Cold War Deterrence did not exist in the strategic equation of Iranian deterrence,and deterrence for Iran has been a military response to deterrent actions of extra-regional adversaries and their regional allies.In this regard, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding of deterrence and its evolution with a pathological approach in order to explain the appropriate model of deterrence in Iran. Based on the results, Iran's performance is more based on the requirements of asymmetric warfare than deterrence due to the increasing impact of both regional and international environments on the national environment.Further, the success of Iranian deterrence relies on the use of "deterrence with denial" versus "deterrence with punishment."

This paper tries to explore the role of the Tea Party in the U.S. government shutdown in 2013. As a unique phenomenon in the world, only the U.S. government has experienced several shutdowns and the emergence of the Tea Party movement added a new dimension to the political narrative of the U.S. domestic politics in 2009. Hence, simultaneous study of both phenomena as two very controversial cases in the American political system is sought in this paper. To do so, both phenomena are needed to be examined through their historical contexts. Therefore, the theory of “historical consciousness” introduced by Theodor Schieder (1978) is applied as the theoretical framework and, “historical analysis” is assumed as the proper methodology for data analysis. By referring to Boston Tea Party as an iconic event in the American history that gave birth to the idea of the Tea Party in the American political mind, this thesis identifies the core principles of the Tea Party as the same throughout the history. Tea Partiers regard big governments as threats to individual’s liberty. Therefore, the notion of limited government is placed at the center of Tea Party ideology. This research investigates the means by which the Tea Party succeeded to mobilize and unify all potentialities to form a resistance force for defunding ObamaCare and succeed to prevent passing every appropriations including provisions for funding ObamaCare in the House of Representatives. Therefore, the lack of needed appropriations for funding the government, finally led to the government shutdown of 2013.

The present study with the application of qualitative method based on collection of data from library sources (documents)and analytical - descriptive method are about to answer the question of which the accusations made by the west that " violates" the human rights conventions of the Islamic Republic of Iran are based on? The hypothesis of this study is that these accusations are based on dual principles including legal and political principles; The findings of the study, proving the hypothesis, indicate that these allegations are based on legal grounds (Including, non-acceptance and accession to some human rights conventions due to legal conflicts between Iranian law and conventions, differences in interpretations, as well as the existence of some legal ambiguities, etc.) and There are also political bases (including the political and selective approach to human rights in Iran, the security of human rights and international relations, anti-Islamism and the West's stubbornness with Iran). According to the above-mentioned dual principles, accession to the Convention on Human Rights, revision of some amendments to Iran's legal laws, use of the jurisprudence-legal capacities of Islam, as well as the use of the right to bet, appeal to international courts and the realization of the right are among the solutions. Legal and aggressive treatment of allegations, participation in international forums and the issuance of statements, and the increasing supervision of government officials over the functioning of the state body are among the proposed political solutions.

In democratization approach, the root of war and insecurity in the international system is the lack of democracy. Therefore, democratization of the governments has changed to an important procedure in the cold postwar world. This important issue is in progress sometimes in the form of process, and sometimes in the form of project, by the international organizations that have legitimation and universal acceptance. The objective of this research is to analyze the role of the international organizations on democratization of the governments that are in non-democratic status. Hence, by focusing on the role of the UN as one of the most effective public international organizations, this question is raised that what is the role of the international organizations, especially UN, in democratization of the governments? Hypothesis of the research, which is conducted in descriptive- analytical method, is that “the UN plays an active role through its major institutions such as Security Council, general meeting and secretary-general by implementing and executing the legal and political (or diplomatic) actions and institutionalizing for accelerating anti-authoritarianism and fixing democracy in the non-democratic countries”. Findings of the paper show that the high levels of independence and legitimation of the international organizations such as UN have made the democratization of the non-democratic governments possible. The case of Afghanistan will be reviewed for clarifying this interaction.

The purpose of this article is to explain and analyze the 2011 Tunisian revolution from the perspective of the discourse approach ofErnesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. In line with the purpose of the research, the central question that can be posed and evaluated is that: in the framework of the theory of discourse analysis of Laclau and Muff, how it canbe analyzed the 2011 Tunisian revolution? The hypothesis of the article is that within the framework of Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory, the Tunisian revolution can be interpreted as a revolution with intra-discourse and extra-discourse conflict to achieve a hegemonic position. The intra-discourse is related to the competition of the signifier ofsecularism signified , which in the framework its, the signifier of democracy and political freedom replaced the signifier of authoritarianism in the signified of secularism. And the extra-discourse conflict is related to the competition of the discourse of political Islam with secularism, especially the combination of religion and politics against the separation of religion from politics. Eventually, however, the discourse of political Islam and secularism (signifier of democracy and political freedom) formed the Tunisian revolution by being in an equivalence. The findings of the study also indicate that there is no specific ideology in Tunisia, and this in itself has made it possible for rival discourses to manage political and social developments in the country with a constructive coexistence. The research method is descriptive-analytical and discourse analysis has been used as an analysis tool to advance the research work.

After 11 September attacks, the United States tried to establish a coalition of battle with terrorism in Afghanistan because situation of main groups that the United States targeted, Al-Qaeda and Taliban, was in this country. The main purpose of this article is analysis of American strategy in fighting terrorism in Afghanistan. The main question of this article is «what is the strategy of the United States toward fighting terrorism in Afghanistan»? The hypothesis of this is, «the main strategy of the United States in Afghanistan is Buck-passing and however, due to being failed state in Afghanistan, this strategy is failing». The finding shows that after the falling of Taliban’s state in 2001, the United States tried to buckpassed the responsibility of fighting of terrorism to others actors like NATO, I IS AF and finally Afghanistan’s state. Barack Obama’s strategy based on exiting of American forces from Afghanistan but Trump after negotiation with Taliban tries to concede this responsibility to these forces.

Tourism is the world's largest industry, accounting for more than a third of the total value of the global service trade. Global tourism can be considered as a potential strategic factor for economic growth. The tourism industry in Iran, despite having many attractions, plays a very small role in the country's economy. At the same time, globalization through demarcation, facilitation of traffic regulations, and improvement of transportation and communications can be very effective in increasing international tourism and the evolution of this industry. The authors believe that the security and political tensions in the host society, historical and cultural attractions and cultural conflicts between the host society and the origin are among the determining factors in the field of tourism in the age of globalization. Of course, the effects of computer technology in the field of travel, accommodation and transportation costs and the amount of tourism-related advertising in the host community should never be neglected in order to attract international tourists. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method while analyzing the current situation of tourism in Iran, the form and situation of tourism in the era of globalization. The results of the research indicate that the government should provide the ground for private sector and foreign investors to invest in the development of tourism infrastructure and provide the necessary security for foreign travelers and make it easier for them to enter the country.

US Unilateral sanctions against Iran aimed at changing the behavior or change of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran have directly and indirectly led to the violation of Iranian people human rights, and in particular to the challenge of economic rights. The present descriptive-analytical paper shows that these sanctions violate extraterritorial commitments to respect to human rights and international cooperation by US. Among international human rights organizations, the Human Rights Council has the authority to hear them through Universal Periodic Reports (UPR) procedure or through special procedures. The council can also address individual complaints about human rights violations due to sanctions, in which case, in addition to the US government, third-party States with international Responsibility can also be sued. The competence of other international human rights organizations and even the International Criminal Court (in terms of the relationship between crimes against humanity and human rights) is further assessed.